![]() LEDs are semiconductors that can be used as an alternative light source for light-dependent applications such as photocatalytic detoxification/decontamination of air and water environments. As a result, hybrid AOPs could reinforce the additional quantities of e –h + pairs, prevent the accumulation of electrons in CB, inhibit the creation of charge recombination centers, etc 9, 10, 11.Īmong the available light sources, light emitting diodes (LED) have recently attracted much attention. Hence, low frequency US (20–40 kHz) can be associated with photocatalysis. Like other AOPs, photocatalysis is unable to degrade resistant compounds with high efficiency, this problem is caused by strong tendency of photocatalysts to aggregate, low light absorption ability, and recombination of charge carriers. The photocatalysts, also have markedly light-absorption capabilities for extraordinary production of various ROS. Alongside heat generation from collapsing microbubbles, the sonoluminescence phenomenon cause to emit long- and short-wavelength irradiations that are highly profitable for exciting electron from the valance band (VB) to the conduction band (CB) of semiconductors with narrow- and broad-energy bandgap (Eg), respectively 6, 7, 8. When sonocatalysis is combined with photocatalysis, this is known as sonophotocatalysis which can increase the efficiency of pollutant degradation. Studies have shown that the combination between catalytic particles and sonolysis, as sonocatalysis, has attracted attention due to its outstanding advantages, including stable performance, uncomplicated equipment, cost-effectiveness, and the creation of more hot spots on catalyst surfaces 5, 6. Using the high-frequency US alone consumes a large amount of money, time, and energy. And radical scavenging experiments showed that the maximum distribution of active species corresponds to superoxide radical \(\) 1, 4. In addition, the rapid removal of MB by sonophotocatalysis was 4 times higher than that of primary photocatalysis. Hence, the use of low-power white-LED-light illumination (λ ≥ 420 nm) and ultrasound (US) irradiation synergistically engendered the Methylene Blue (MB) mineralization efficiency elevated to 100% within 120 min by following the pseudo-first-order mechanism under the following condition (i.e., pH 11, 0.75 g L −1 of O-doped g-C 3N 4 and S-doped g-C 3N 4, 20 mg L −1 MB, 0.25 ml s −1 O 2, and spontaneous raising temperature). Here, we synthesized non-metal-doped highly crystalline g-C 3N 4 by one-pot calcination method, which enhanced the photocatalytic activity of g-C 3N 4 such as mesoporous nature, reduced band gap, wide-range photousability, improved charge carrier recombination, and the electrical conductivity was improved. Non-metallic heteroatom doping is considered as an effective method to tune the optical, electronic and other physicochemical properties of g-C 3N 4. The morphology and structure of g-C 3N 4, including macro/micro morphology, crystal structure and electronic structure can affect its catalytic activity. ![]() However, the photocatalytic activity of this semiconductor faces challenges due to factors such as low electronic conductivity and limited active sites provided on its surface. As a non-metallic organic semiconductor, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4) has received much attention due to its unique physicochemical properties.
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